An interesting article. It can be accessed from:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003785
Monday, December 8, 2008
Nursing Standards Information
Below are four websites providing nursing standards and guidelines. Got them from emails on CANMEDLIB listserve.
Nursing Best Practice Guidelines from Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario at http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
CNA Publications
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/issues/default_e.aspx
The CNA provides a forum for discussing and disseminating information to Canadian nurses on issues, positions, and matters that impact the profession in Canada.
CNO Compendium of Standards of Practice for Nurses in Ontario
http://www.cno.org/pubs/compendium.html
The Compendium of Standards of Practice for Nurses in Ontario comprises everything a practising nurse needs to know about the regulation of the nursing profession in Ontario. CNO standards are included in full, as well as information on College governance, the Quality Assurance Program, complaints and discipline procedures and more.
RNAO Nursing Best Practice Guidelines
http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
There are currently 29 published guidelines as well as a Toolkit and Educator's Resource to support implementation. A variety of additional support materials are available for download from this site.
Nursing Best Practice Guidelines from Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario at http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
CNA Publications
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/issues/default_e.aspx
The CNA provides a forum for discussing and disseminating information to Canadian nurses on issues, positions, and matters that impact the profession in Canada.
CNO Compendium of Standards of Practice for Nurses in Ontario
http://www.cno.org/pubs/compendium.html
The Compendium of Standards of Practice for Nurses in Ontario comprises everything a practising nurse needs to know about the regulation of the nursing profession in Ontario. CNO standards are included in full, as well as information on College governance, the Quality Assurance Program, complaints and discipline procedures and more.
RNAO Nursing Best Practice Guidelines
http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
There are currently 29 published guidelines as well as a Toolkit and Educator's Resource to support implementation. A variety of additional support materials are available for download from this site.
Two recommended books on evidence-based nursing
These two books are recommended by people from CANMEDLIB listserve.
Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-based Handbook for Nurses
A 3-volume set book. It isn't a textbook, but it is a handbook that covers 6 sections: Patient safety and quality, Evidence-based practice, Patient-centered care, Working conditions and environment, Critical opportunities for improvement, Tools for improvement. This book is available free at:
http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/nurseshdbk.pdf
Evidence Based Nursing
A really good book on evidence based nursing. Editors: Alba DiCenso, Gordon Guyatt, and Donna Ciliska. Published in 2005.
Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-based Handbook for Nurses
A 3-volume set book. It isn't a textbook, but it is a handbook that covers 6 sections: Patient safety and quality, Evidence-based practice, Patient-centered care, Working conditions and environment, Critical opportunities for improvement, Tools for improvement. This book is available free at:
http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/nurseshdbk.pdf
Evidence Based Nursing
A really good book on evidence based nursing. Editors: Alba DiCenso, Gordon Guyatt, and Donna Ciliska. Published in 2005.
Nursing Competencies, Standards, Guidelines, Best Practices
Compiled by Deb Ayotte, September 2008
American Assoc of Critical Care Nurses
http://www.aacn.org
Competencies
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/competencies.shtml
Standards
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/nursing_practice.shtml
Practice Position Statements & Guidelines
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/practice.shtml
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
http://www.awhonn.org (see practice resources)
Standards and Best Practices
Canadian Nurses Association
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/practice/standards/default_e.aspx
(refers readers to provincial/territorial/specialty associations)
Standards & Guidelines
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2228
Position Statements & Interpretive Documents
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2227
Documents List
College of Nurses of Ontario
http://www.cno.org/pubs/publist.html
Nursing Practice Standards and Supports
College of Registered Nurses of BC
http://www.crnbc.ca/NursingPractice.aspx
Standards, Competencies, Interpretive Documents, Fact Sheets
College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba
http://www.crnm.mb.ca/publications.php
Publications List
College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia
http://www.crnns.ca/default.asp?id=190&sfield=Content.Id&mn=414.70.80.223&search=1492
Standards of Practice
Community Health Nurses Association of Canada
http://www.chnac.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=36
Standards
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice3
Position Statements
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice5
Canadian Gerontological Nursing Association
http://www.cgna.net/files/standards.pdf
Canadian Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technologists
http://www.cannt.ca/standards
Canadian Standards of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
http://www.cfmhn.ca/resources/multimedia/PDF/28065-%20singles.pdf
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nurses in Primary Care
First Nations & Inuit Health
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fnih-spni/pubs/nursing-infirm/2000_clin-guide/index_e.html
Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/products_services/evidence_based.htm
Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice
Infusion Nurses Society
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16429002
http://www.ins1.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3310
Joanna Briggs Institute
http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pubs/best_practice.php
Oncology Nursing Society
http://onsopcontent.ons.org/toolkits/evidence/
Competencies
Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
http://www.rnantnu.ca/ContinuingCompetencePDP/tabid/57/Default.aspx
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario
http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne
http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm
Royal College of Nursing
http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice
Royal Marsden Hospital Manual
http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/thestaffroom/nursingprocedures/content/guidelines.htm
Position Statements
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/position_statements.php
Standards and Foundations Competencies for the practice of Registered Nurses
Effective March 1, 2007
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/standards_competencies.pdf
American Assoc of Critical Care Nurses
http://www.aacn.org
Competencies
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/competencies.shtml
Standards
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/nursing_practice.shtml
Practice Position Statements & Guidelines
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/practice.shtml
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
http://www.awhonn.org (see practice resources)
Standards and Best Practices
Canadian Nurses Association
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/practice/standards/default_e.aspx
(refers readers to provincial/territorial/specialty associations)
Standards & Guidelines
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2228
Position Statements & Interpretive Documents
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2227
Documents List
College of Nurses of Ontario
http://www.cno.org/pubs/publist.html
Nursing Practice Standards and Supports
College of Registered Nurses of BC
http://www.crnbc.ca/NursingPractice.aspx
Standards, Competencies, Interpretive Documents, Fact Sheets
College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba
http://www.crnm.mb.ca/publications.php
Publications List
College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia
http://www.crnns.ca/default.asp?id=190&sfield=Content.Id&mn=414.70.80.223&search=1492
Standards of Practice
Community Health Nurses Association of Canada
http://www.chnac.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=36
Standards
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice3
Position Statements
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice5
Canadian Gerontological Nursing Association
http://www.cgna.net/files/standards.pdf
Canadian Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technologists
http://www.cannt.ca/standards
Canadian Standards of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
http://www.cfmhn.ca/resources/multimedia/PDF/28065-%20singles.pdf
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nurses in Primary Care
First Nations & Inuit Health
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fnih-spni/pubs/nursing-infirm/2000_clin-guide/index_e.html
Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/products_services/evidence_based.htm
Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice
Infusion Nurses Society
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16429002
http://www.ins1.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3310
Joanna Briggs Institute
http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pubs/best_practice.php
Oncology Nursing Society
http://onsopcontent.ons.org/toolkits/evidence/
Competencies
Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
http://www.rnantnu.ca/ContinuingCompetencePDP/tabid/57/Default.aspx
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario
http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne
http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm
Royal College of Nursing
http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice
Royal Marsden Hospital Manual
http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/thestaffroom/nursingprocedures/content/guidelines.htm
Position Statements
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/position_statements.php
Standards and Foundations Competencies for the practice of Registered Nurses
Effective March 1, 2007
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/standards_competencies.pdf
Bill C-61
An interesting take on Bill C-61, a new Canadian Bill about Copyright that affects more than just illegal music downloading.
http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2008-07-29/news/bill-c-61-goes-beyond-downloading/
http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2008-07-29/news/bill-c-61-goes-beyond-downloading/
Another interlibrary loan source
Just to share another interlibrary loan source: Racer.
http://racer.scholarsportal.info/zportal/zengine?VDXaction=LoginPage
In Racer, you may search Ontario University Library Catalogues. Since our libraries are not registered users, we can only use the "guest access".
Once we find what we want, we may put a request by following the link below.
http://illforms.scholarsportal.info/vdx_illreq_regU.htm
For the RACER Location Code, we can use our AMICUS codes. For Red Deer Regional Library, the code is ARDRH.
Since the registered libraries of AMICUS have not been able to talk to AMICUS for a long time, the information in AMICUS is quite out-of-date and unreliable. Here is an example:
I recently was trying to locate a book with the title "The Bobath concept in adult neurology". The author is Gjelsvik, and the book was published in 2008. In Alberta, only University of Alberta has it. However, shortly after I got the book for the user from U of A, U of A recalled the book because their primary user was requesting it. So I searched for the book again. I tried TAL and AMICUS with no success. Then I tried Racer and found that three libraries own this book (all the three libraries are in AMICUS as well). I ILLed from one of them.
When I use AMICUS, I always confirm by going to the library's current catalogue so that I do not request an item that is not owned by the lending library.
http://racer.scholarsportal.info/zportal/zengine?VDXaction=LoginPage
In Racer, you may search Ontario University Library Catalogues. Since our libraries are not registered users, we can only use the "guest access".
Once we find what we want, we may put a request by following the link below.
http://illforms.scholarsportal.info/vdx_illreq_regU.htm
For the RACER Location Code, we can use our AMICUS codes. For Red Deer Regional Library, the code is ARDRH.
Since the registered libraries of AMICUS have not been able to talk to AMICUS for a long time, the information in AMICUS is quite out-of-date and unreliable. Here is an example:
I recently was trying to locate a book with the title "The Bobath concept in adult neurology". The author is Gjelsvik, and the book was published in 2008. In Alberta, only University of Alberta has it. However, shortly after I got the book for the user from U of A, U of A recalled the book because their primary user was requesting it. So I searched for the book again. I tried TAL and AMICUS with no success. Then I tried Racer and found that three libraries own this book (all the three libraries are in AMICUS as well). I ILLed from one of them.
When I use AMICUS, I always confirm by going to the library's current catalogue so that I do not request an item that is not owned by the lending library.
Overview of NetSpeed 2008
A conference is a good opportunity to learn about what other libraries are doing. NetSpeed is a technology-focused conference, providing an opportunity to learn about what other libraries are doing in the technology aspect.
All the sessions in the conference sounded interesting. Unfortunately I could not attend them all. I chose four I liked the best.
The first one was about Calgary Public Library’s blogs. They started with Google Blogger last year, and then switched to Community Server this July. So far they have set up several blogs, talking about things like books, food, gardening, etc. The weblogs are maintained by ongoing collaboration between IT and Customer Services Staff throughout the system.
The second session was about U of A Library’s experience with the Screen Recorder software, Camtasia. U of A now has the so-called one-desk service. Before the one-desk service, they had a reference desk and a circulation desk in each library, which sometimes caused confusion among students because they did not know which desk they should go to. Now, there is only one desk doing both reference and circulation. Both former reference staff and circulation staff are working at this one desk, which means former reference staff have to do circulation, and former circulation staff have to do reference. Former reference staff found that circulation was a hard job because there were so many policies and procedures to learn about. So they developed this online screen casting session to train staff on how to do circulation. Staff can use this session at anytime and can go back to it as many times as they want. It was very convenient. There were narration and little quizzes, and you can also incorporate PowerPoint into it. You may download Camtasia from the Internet and use it for free for 30 days.
The third session is about podcasting. NAIT created an online tour using the podcast software called iMovie. But iMovie is only available on Mac, not on PC. It was easy to use. The final product has background music, narration, and pictures.
The last session is about a serial analysis toolkit used in University of Saskatchewan Library. It is a neat tool, but more suitable to big library systems, not really beneficial to small libraries like us. However, it is still nice to know that there is such a tool existing.
All the sessions in the conference sounded interesting. Unfortunately I could not attend them all. I chose four I liked the best.
The first one was about Calgary Public Library’s blogs. They started with Google Blogger last year, and then switched to Community Server this July. So far they have set up several blogs, talking about things like books, food, gardening, etc. The weblogs are maintained by ongoing collaboration between IT and Customer Services Staff throughout the system.
The second session was about U of A Library’s experience with the Screen Recorder software, Camtasia. U of A now has the so-called one-desk service. Before the one-desk service, they had a reference desk and a circulation desk in each library, which sometimes caused confusion among students because they did not know which desk they should go to. Now, there is only one desk doing both reference and circulation. Both former reference staff and circulation staff are working at this one desk, which means former reference staff have to do circulation, and former circulation staff have to do reference. Former reference staff found that circulation was a hard job because there were so many policies and procedures to learn about. So they developed this online screen casting session to train staff on how to do circulation. Staff can use this session at anytime and can go back to it as many times as they want. It was very convenient. There were narration and little quizzes, and you can also incorporate PowerPoint into it. You may download Camtasia from the Internet and use it for free for 30 days.
The third session is about podcasting. NAIT created an online tour using the podcast software called iMovie. But iMovie is only available on Mac, not on PC. It was easy to use. The final product has background music, narration, and pictures.
The last session is about a serial analysis toolkit used in University of Saskatchewan Library. It is a neat tool, but more suitable to big library systems, not really beneficial to small libraries like us. However, it is still nice to know that there is such a tool existing.
Nursing Competencies, Standards, Guidelines, Best Practices
Compiled by Deb Ayotte, September 2008
American Assoc of Critical Care Nurses
http://www.aacn.org
Competencies
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/competencies.shtml
Standards
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/nursing_practice.shtml
Practice Position Statements & Guidelines
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/practice.shtml
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
http://www.awhonn.org (see practice resources)
Standards and Best Practices
Canadian Nurses Association
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/practice/standards/default_e.aspx
(refers readers to provincial/territorial/specialty associations)
Standards & Guidelines
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2228
Position Statements & Interpretive Documents
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2227
Documents List
College of Nurses of Ontario
http://www.cno.org/pubs/publist.html
Nursing Practice Standards and Supports
College of Registered Nurses of BC
http://www.crnbc.ca/NursingPractice.aspx
Standards, Competencies, Interpretive Documents, Fact Sheets
College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba
http://www.crnm.mb.ca/publications.php
Publications List
College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia
http://www.crnns.ca/default.asp?id=190&sfield=Content.Id&mn=414.70.80.223&search=1492
Standards of Practice
Community Health Nurses Association of Canada
http://www.chnac.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=36
Standards
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice3
Position Statements
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice5
Canadian Gerontological Nursing Association
http://www.cgna.net/files/standards.pdf
Canadian Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technologists
http://www.cannt.ca/standards
Canadian Standards of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
http://www.cfmhn.ca/resources/multimedia/PDF/28065-%20singles.pdf
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nurses in Primary Care
First Nations & Inuit Health
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fnih-spni/pubs/nursing-infirm/2000_clin-guide/index_e.html
Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/products_services/evidence_based.htm
Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice
Infusion Nurses Society
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16429002
http://www.ins1.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3310
Joanna Briggs Institute
http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pubs/best_practice.php
Oncology Nursing Society
http://onsopcontent.ons.org/toolkits/evidence/
Competencies
Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
http://www.rnantnu.ca/ContinuingCompetencePDP/tabid/57/Default.aspx
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario
http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne
http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm
Royal College of Nursing
http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice
Royal Marsden Hospital Manual
http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/thestaffroom/nursingprocedures/content/guidelines.htm
Position Statements
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/position_statements.php
Standards and Foundations Competencies for the practice of Registered Nurses
Effective March 1, 2007
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/standards_competencies.pdf
American Assoc of Critical Care Nurses
http://www.aacn.org
Competencies
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/competencies.shtml
Standards
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/nursing_practice.shtml
Practice Position Statements & Guidelines
Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador
http://www.arnnl.nf.ca/menu/practice.shtml
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
http://www.awhonn.org (see practice resources)
Standards and Best Practices
Canadian Nurses Association
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/practice/standards/default_e.aspx
(refers readers to provincial/territorial/specialty associations)
Standards & Guidelines
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2228
Position Statements & Interpretive Documents
College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CARNA)
http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna/index.aspx?WebStructureID=2227
Documents List
College of Nurses of Ontario
http://www.cno.org/pubs/publist.html
Nursing Practice Standards and Supports
College of Registered Nurses of BC
http://www.crnbc.ca/NursingPractice.aspx
Standards, Competencies, Interpretive Documents, Fact Sheets
College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba
http://www.crnm.mb.ca/publications.php
Publications List
College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia
http://www.crnns.ca/default.asp?id=190&sfield=Content.Id&mn=414.70.80.223&search=1492
Standards of Practice
Community Health Nurses Association of Canada
http://www.chnac.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=36
Standards
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice3
Position Statements
Nurses Association of New Brunswick
http://www.nanb.nb.ca/index.cfm?include=practice5
Canadian Gerontological Nursing Association
http://www.cgna.net/files/standards.pdf
Canadian Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technologists
http://www.cannt.ca/standards
Canadian Standards of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
http://www.cfmhn.ca/resources/multimedia/PDF/28065-%20singles.pdf
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nurses in Primary Care
First Nations & Inuit Health
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fnih-spni/pubs/nursing-infirm/2000_clin-guide/index_e.html
Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/products_services/evidence_based.htm
Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice
Infusion Nurses Society
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16429002
http://www.ins1.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3310
Joanna Briggs Institute
http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pubs/best_practice.php
Oncology Nursing Society
http://onsopcontent.ons.org/toolkits/evidence/
Competencies
Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
http://www.rnantnu.ca/ContinuingCompetencePDP/tabid/57/Default.aspx
Registered Nurses Association of Ontario
http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne
http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/cpg.cfm
Royal College of Nursing
http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice
Royal Marsden Hospital Manual
http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/thestaffroom/nursingprocedures/content/guidelines.htm
Position Statements
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/position_statements.php
Standards and Foundations Competencies for the practice of Registered Nurses
Effective March 1, 2007
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses' Association (SRNA)
http://www.srna.org/nurse_resources/standards_competencies.pdf
The American Nurses Association’s latest list of standards
Provided by Lori Leger
Cardiovascular Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2008
Corrections Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Faith Community Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Genetics/Genomics Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2006
HIV/AIDS Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2006
Holistic Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Home Health Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Hospice and Palliative Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2004
Legal Nurse Consulting: Scope and Standards of Practice 2006
Neonatal Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2004
Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice 2008
Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2003
Pain Management Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Pediatric Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2008
Plastic Surgery Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Psychiatric - Mental Health: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Public Health Nursing Scope and Standards of 2007
Radiology Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice 2006
School Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Scope and Standards for Nurse Administrators, Second Edition 2004
Scope and Standards of Addictions Nursing Practice 2004
Scope and Standards of Diabetes Nursing Practice (2nd Edition) 2003
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice, 2nd Edition 2001
Scope and Standards of Neuroscience Nursing Practice 2002/28
Scope and Standards of Practice for Nursing Professional Development 2000
Scope and Standards Of Vascular Nursing Practice 2004
Cardiovascular Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2008
Corrections Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Faith Community Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Genetics/Genomics Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2006
HIV/AIDS Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2006
Holistic Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Home Health Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Hospice and Palliative Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2004
Legal Nurse Consulting: Scope and Standards of Practice 2006
Neonatal Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2004
Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice 2008
Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2003
Pain Management Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Pediatric Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2008
Plastic Surgery Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Psychiatric - Mental Health: Scope and Standards of Practice 2007
Public Health Nursing Scope and Standards of 2007
Radiology Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice 2006
School Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2005
Scope and Standards for Nurse Administrators, Second Edition 2004
Scope and Standards of Addictions Nursing Practice 2004
Scope and Standards of Diabetes Nursing Practice (2nd Edition) 2003
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice, 2nd Edition 2001
Scope and Standards of Neuroscience Nursing Practice 2002/28
Scope and Standards of Practice for Nursing Professional Development 2000
Scope and Standards Of Vascular Nursing Practice 2004
The value and impact of information provided through library services for patient care: a systematic review
The conclusion of the article:
Research studies suggest that professionally led library services have an impact on health outcomes for patients and may lead to time savings for health-care professionals. The available studies vary greatly in quality but the better quality studies also suggest positive impacts. Good practice can be gathered from these studies to guide the development of a pragmatic survey for library services that includes the direct effects for patients among the outcome measures.
You may access the article from the link below:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118715199/PDFSTART
Research studies suggest that professionally led library services have an impact on health outcomes for patients and may lead to time savings for health-care professionals. The available studies vary greatly in quality but the better quality studies also suggest positive impacts. Good practice can be gathered from these studies to guide the development of a pragmatic survey for library services that includes the direct effects for patients among the outcome measures.
You may access the article from the link below:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118715199/PDFSTART
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
Evidence-based Information Cycle
I really like the evidence-based information cycle developed by Dr. Robert Hayward, the director of the Centre for Health Evidence.
ASSESS clinical or policy problems and identify key issues;
ASK well-built questions that can be answered using evidence-based resources;
ACQUIRE evidence using selected, pre-appraised resources;
APPRAISE the validity, importance and applicability of evidence that has been retrieved;
APPLY evidence to clinical or policy problems.
(from the Centre for Health Evidence.)
ASSESS clinical or policy problems and identify key issues;
ASK well-built questions that can be answered using evidence-based resources;
ACQUIRE evidence using selected, pre-appraised resources;
APPRAISE the validity, importance and applicability of evidence that has been retrieved;
APPLY evidence to clinical or policy problems.
(from the Centre for Health Evidence.)
Summary of Point of Care Tools for Nurses
The UBC Health Library Wiki maintains a list of point-of-care tools, which can be access through
Point of care decision-making tools - Overview
Two more tools not included in the UBC's list were mentioned by some librarians. They are:
1. EBSCO's Nursing Reference Centre
It is an evidence-based point-of-care database based on nursing process and contains the patient care handouts.
2. Mosby's Nursing Consult
It has an Evidence Based Nursing module. Its Evidence-Based Nursing Monographs are written by nursing experts for nurses and with nursing interventions for the
patient in mind.
Point of care decision-making tools - Overview
Two more tools not included in the UBC's list were mentioned by some librarians. They are:
1. EBSCO's Nursing Reference Centre
It is an evidence-based point-of-care database based on nursing process and contains the patient care handouts.
2. Mosby's Nursing Consult
It has an Evidence Based Nursing module. Its Evidence-Based Nursing Monographs are written by nursing experts for nurses and with nursing interventions for the
patient in mind.
Wednesday, July 2, 2008
New tools promote wider sharing of research for scholars across disciplines
CHICAGO – The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) have released a new series of bookmarks in the Create Change campaign, which targets scholars in different disciplines with messages about the benefits of wider research sharing. Librarians can use these freely available files to enhance their efforts to engage faculty interest in changing the way scholarly information is shared.
The Create Change Web site emphasizes the rapid and irreversible changes occurring in the ways faculty share and use academic research results. The site outlines how the advancement of knowledge is fueled by accelerating and enhancing sharing – of journal articles, research data, simulations, syntheses, analyses and other findings. Create Change offers faculty practical ways to look out for their own interests as researchers and delivers the personal perspectives of scholars in 10 different disciplines, from music therapy to chemistry to microbiology, on the benefits of sharing. New interviews are added regularly.
The first bookmarks highlight comments from four researchers:
Libraries are invited to print directly from the Website in the easy-to-use letter-size format or to download the bookmarks and modify them as needed for their campus. Insert your logo and contact information or add examples from your faculty and its disciplines.
For more details and to download, visit the Create Change Web site at http://www.createchange.org.
------
ACRL
ACRL is a division of the American Library Association (ALA), representing more than 13,000 academic and research librarians and interested individuals. ACRL is the only individual membership organization in North America that develops programs, products and services to meet the unique needs of academic and research librarians. Its initiatives enable the higher education community to understand the role that academic libraries play in the teaching, learning and research environments. ACRL is on the Web at http://www.acrl.org.
ARL
ARL is a nonprofit organization of 123 research libraries in North America. Its mission is to influence the changing environment of scholarly communication and the public policies that affect research libraries and the diverse communities they serve. ARL pursues this mission by advancing the goals of its member research libraries, providing leadership in public and information policy to the scholarly and higher education communities, fostering the exchange of ideas and expertise, and shaping a future environment that leverages its interests with those of allied organizations. ARL is on the Web at http://www.arl.org.
SPARC
SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition), with SPARC Europe and SPARC Japan, is an international alliance of more than 800 academic and research libraries working to create a more open system of scholarly communication. SPARC's advocacy, educational and publisher partnership programs encourage expanded dissemination of research. SPARC is on the Web at http://www.arl.org/sparc.
The Create Change Web site emphasizes the rapid and irreversible changes occurring in the ways faculty share and use academic research results. The site outlines how the advancement of knowledge is fueled by accelerating and enhancing sharing – of journal articles, research data, simulations, syntheses, analyses and other findings. Create Change offers faculty practical ways to look out for their own interests as researchers and delivers the personal perspectives of scholars in 10 different disciplines, from music therapy to chemistry to microbiology, on the benefits of sharing. New interviews are added regularly.
The first bookmarks highlight comments from four researchers:
- Dr. Linda Hutcheon, Professor of English, University of Toronto
- Dr. David Morrison, Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Santa Barbara
- Dr. Carolyn Kenny, Professor of Human Development, Antioch University
- Dr. Gary Ward, Professor of Microbiology, University of Vermont
Libraries are invited to print directly from the Website in the easy-to-use letter-size format or to download the bookmarks and modify them as needed for their campus. Insert your logo and contact information or add examples from your faculty and its disciplines.
For more details and to download, visit the Create Change Web site at http://www.createchange.org.
------
ACRL
ACRL is a division of the American Library Association (ALA), representing more than 13,000 academic and research librarians and interested individuals. ACRL is the only individual membership organization in North America that develops programs, products and services to meet the unique needs of academic and research librarians. Its initiatives enable the higher education community to understand the role that academic libraries play in the teaching, learning and research environments. ACRL is on the Web at http://www.acrl.org.
ARL
ARL is a nonprofit organization of 123 research libraries in North America. Its mission is to influence the changing environment of scholarly communication and the public policies that affect research libraries and the diverse communities they serve. ARL pursues this mission by advancing the goals of its member research libraries, providing leadership in public and information policy to the scholarly and higher education communities, fostering the exchange of ideas and expertise, and shaping a future environment that leverages its interests with those of allied organizations. ARL is on the Web at http://www.arl.org.
SPARC
SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition), with SPARC Europe and SPARC Japan, is an international alliance of more than 800 academic and research libraries working to create a more open system of scholarly communication. SPARC's advocacy, educational and publisher partnership programs encourage expanded dissemination of research. SPARC is on the Web at http://www.arl.org/sparc.
Friday, June 27, 2008
Open Access Policy will give researchers worldwide immediate access to OICR data
The Ontario Institutes of Cancer Research (OICR) announced their Open Access Policy, to take effect July 1, at ELPUB last week in Toronto, and in the lastest OICR newsletter, at:
respects.http://www.oicr.on.ca/portalnews/vol2_issue3/access.htm
This is a very progressive policy, likely to be viewed as a model in many respects.
respects.http://www.oicr.on.ca/portalnews/vol2_issue3/access.htm
This is a very progressive policy, likely to be viewed as a model in many respects.
Saturday, June 21, 2008
Federated search at the Intel Library
I found this article on SLA's website. It describes the implementation of a federated search solution at Intel Library. It discusses the mission and vision of Intel Library, along with the federated search initiative and its goals, requirements, vendor selection, technology selection, lessons learned, and benefits. Many ideas and thoughts in this article are so true and really worth digesting.
Please follow the link below to the full-text article.
http://www.sla.org/pdfs/sla2007/hillfederatedsearch.pdf
Please follow the link below to the full-text article.
http://www.sla.org/pdfs/sla2007/hillfederatedsearch.pdf
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
（一）消化系统（the digestive system) - 2. 消化系统逐个看
1）胃肠道的组织
胃肠道的壁有四层，分别为：
浆膜(最外一层): serosa
肌肉层(第二层): muscularis
胃黏膜下层(第三层): submucosa
胃黏膜(最内一层): mucosa
2) 嘴
医学上嘴又叫口腔或颊腔.
嘴里面的东西有口水、硬颚、软腭、小舌、舌头、舌系带。舌系带是连接舌头和口腔底部的膜，舌系带过短会引起口齿不清。
嘴里面还有对称的三对唾液腺，每天为每个成年人分泌大约一升的唾液。这三个唾液腺分别是：腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺。
嘴里面当然还有牙齿，牙齿分为门牙、犬齿和臼齿，请参考下面的图示。
（引自 http://www.toothclub.gov.hk/sc/images/adult_1_1_4_img1.jpg)
每一颗牙又分为若干部分，分别为牙冠、牙根、珐琅质、象牙质、牙髓、牙龈、牙槽骨、牙骨质、和牙周膜，如下图所示。
（引自 http://oralcare.com.cn/pic/gif/1156510310.jpg)
这些名称的中英文对照为：
口腔：oral cavity
颊腔：buccal cavity
口水：saliva
硬颚：hard palate
软腭：soft palate
小舌：uvula
舌头：tongue
舌系带：frenulum
腮腺：parotid glands
颌下腺：submandibular glands
舌下腺：sublingual glands
门牙：incisor
犬齿：cuspid/canine
臼齿：molar
牙冠：crown
牙根：root
珐琅质：enamel
象牙质：dentin
牙髓：pulp
牙龈：gingiva
牙槽骨：alveolar bones
牙骨质：cementum
牙周膜：periodontal membrane
３）咽
咽可以分成三段，分别为鼻咽、口咽和咽喉。鼻咽是咽位于鼻子后面的那一段；口咽是咽位于嘴后面的那一段；咽喉是咽位于喉上面的部位。咽喉又可以分成两个部分：食道和气管。当有食物经过气管时，会厌就将气管遮盖住，这样食物就不会进入肺部。
这些词的中英文对照为：
咽：pharynx
鼻咽：nasopharynx
口咽：oropharynx
咽喉：laryngopharynx
喉：larynx
食道：esophagus
气管：trachea
会厌：epiglottis
4）胃
（引自http://www.jkwzw.com/fdoctor/UploadPic/2007-10/20071019233637842.jpg）
胃可以分成三个部分：胃上部、胃本体和胃下部。胃上部与食道相连。胃下部又叫幽门或胃窦。胃下部通过幽门括约肌与小肠相连。
当胃内没有食物时，胃的大小跟一段意大利辣香肠(pepperoni)差不多，而且胃粘膜都摺皱成粘膜纹。当有食物进到胃里时，胃粘膜平缓地舒展开。
意大利辣香肠 (pepperoni)
(引自 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Pepperoni.jpg)
胃粘膜的内壁包含有成千上万的小腺体，这些小腺体分泌胃液。胃液包括胃蛋白酶和盐酸。胃将这些胃液和食物块搅拌在一起，形成食蘼。胃部的蠕动将这些食蘼送入小肠。
这些词汇的英文对应是：
胃上部: fundus
胃本体: body
幽门: pylorus
胃窦: antrum
幽门扩约肌：pyloric sphincter
胃粘膜: mucosa
粘膜纹: rugae
胃液: gastric juices
胃蛋白酶: pepsin
盐酸: hydrochloric acid（缩写为HCl，l为小写)
食蘼: chyme
蠕动: peristalsis
5）小肠
小肠其实一点也不小，小肠的长度约为20英尺（6.1米），直径约为1英寸（2.54厘米）。大肠的直径约为2.5英寸（6.35厘米），相对大肠来讲，小肠的直径是很小的，因而得名小肠。
小肠包含三个部分：十二指肠、空肠、和回肠。
与胃一样，小肠有成千上万的分泌消化液的腺体。
十二指肠是对食蘼进行消化的地方。十二指肠有两个开口，分别为十二指肠小乳头、十二指肠大乳头。这两个开口负责接收胰管和胆管送来的物质。
胰腺是位于胃后部的一个腺体，紧贴着十二指肠的褶皱。作为内分泌系统的一部分，胰腺向血液里输送荷尔蒙。作为消化系统的一个重要组成部分，胰腺分泌最重要的一种消化液- 胰腺液。 胰腺液富含酶，酶可以消化三种主要的食物：碳水化合物、蛋白质、和脂肪。
胆汁由肝脏分泌，胆汁将脂肪颗粒乳化成个更小的颗粒，以便于消化。胆囊是负责收集和储存胆汁的部位。当食蘼中有脂肪时，胆囊就会收缩，向十二指肠内释放胆汁。
食物的吸收发生在小肠内，主要在回肠。
这些词的中英文对照为：
十二指肠：duodenum
空肠：jejunum
回肠：ileum
十二指肠小乳头：minor duodenal papillae
十二指肠大乳头：major duodenal papillae
胰管：pancreatic duct
胆管：bile duct
胰腺：pancreas
内分泌系统：the endocrine system
胰腺液：pancreatic juice
酶：enzyme
肝脏：liver
脂肪颗粒：fat globule
胆囊：gallbaldder
6) 肝脏
肝脏是人身体内最大的腺体，也是最复杂的器官之一。肝脏不仅能够分泌协助消化脂肪的胆汁，还有以下诸多的重要功能：
贮存血液、过滤如酒精之类的有毒成分；
将糖转化成糖原（淀粉）；
使血液中葡萄糖保持在正常水平；
使血液中的性激素保持在正常水平；
分解脂肪、并暂时将脂肪酸储藏起来；
储存维生素B12、A、D、E和K；
分解衰老的红血球，将有用的成分储藏起来、将没用的成分送到肾脏排出；
产生纤维蛋白原和凝血酶原。
肝脏是人身体里主要的葡萄糖供应中心，在分派营养任务方面，肝脏有很大的灵活性。肝脏可以把脂肪和蛋白质转换成身体可以立刻派上用场的糖；肝脏也可以把糖和淀粉转换成脂肪，并将这些脂肪运送到身体的其他部分储存起来。
最后，把血液从肠道送到肝脏的血管被称为肝门系统。
相关的英汉对照如下：
肝脏：liver
有毒成分：toxic elements
糖原：glycogen
淀粉：starch
葡萄糖：glucose
性激素：sex hormones
纤维蛋白：fibrinogen
凝血酶原：prothrombin
肝门系统：hepatic portal system
胃肠道的壁有四层，分别为：
浆膜(最外一层): serosa
肌肉层(第二层): muscularis
胃黏膜下层(第三层): submucosa
胃黏膜(最内一层): mucosa
2) 嘴
医学上嘴又叫口腔或颊腔.
嘴里面的东西有口水、硬颚、软腭、小舌、舌头、舌系带。舌系带是连接舌头和口腔底部的膜，舌系带过短会引起口齿不清。
嘴里面还有对称的三对唾液腺，每天为每个成年人分泌大约一升的唾液。这三个唾液腺分别是：腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺。
嘴里面当然还有牙齿，牙齿分为门牙、犬齿和臼齿，请参考下面的图示。
（引自 http://www.toothclub.gov.hk/sc/images/adult_1_1_4_img1.jpg)
每一颗牙又分为若干部分，分别为牙冠、牙根、珐琅质、象牙质、牙髓、牙龈、牙槽骨、牙骨质、和牙周膜，如下图所示。
（引自 http://oralcare.com.cn/pic/gif/1156510310.jpg)
这些名称的中英文对照为：
口腔：oral cavity
颊腔：buccal cavity
口水：saliva
硬颚：hard palate
软腭：soft palate
小舌：uvula
舌头：tongue
舌系带：frenulum
腮腺：parotid glands
颌下腺：submandibular glands
舌下腺：sublingual glands
门牙：incisor
犬齿：cuspid/canine
臼齿：molar
牙冠：crown
牙根：root
珐琅质：enamel
象牙质：dentin
牙髓：pulp
牙龈：gingiva
牙槽骨：alveolar bones
牙骨质：cementum
牙周膜：periodontal membrane
３）咽
咽可以分成三段，分别为鼻咽、口咽和咽喉。鼻咽是咽位于鼻子后面的那一段；口咽是咽位于嘴后面的那一段；咽喉是咽位于喉上面的部位。咽喉又可以分成两个部分：食道和气管。当有食物经过气管时，会厌就将气管遮盖住，这样食物就不会进入肺部。
这些词的中英文对照为：
咽：pharynx
鼻咽：nasopharynx
口咽：oropharynx
咽喉：laryngopharynx
喉：larynx
食道：esophagus
气管：trachea
会厌：epiglottis
4）胃
（引自http://www.jkwzw.com/fdoctor/UploadPic/2007-10/20071019233637842.jpg）
胃可以分成三个部分：胃上部、胃本体和胃下部。胃上部与食道相连。胃下部又叫幽门或胃窦。胃下部通过幽门括约肌与小肠相连。
当胃内没有食物时，胃的大小跟一段意大利辣香肠(pepperoni)差不多，而且胃粘膜都摺皱成粘膜纹。当有食物进到胃里时，胃粘膜平缓地舒展开。
意大利辣香肠 (pepperoni)
(引自 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Pepperoni.jpg)
胃粘膜的内壁包含有成千上万的小腺体，这些小腺体分泌胃液。胃液包括胃蛋白酶和盐酸。胃将这些胃液和食物块搅拌在一起，形成食蘼。胃部的蠕动将这些食蘼送入小肠。
这些词汇的英文对应是：
胃上部: fundus
胃本体: body
幽门: pylorus
胃窦: antrum
幽门扩约肌：pyloric sphincter
胃粘膜: mucosa
粘膜纹: rugae
胃液: gastric juices
胃蛋白酶: pepsin
盐酸: hydrochloric acid（缩写为HCl，l为小写)
食蘼: chyme
蠕动: peristalsis
5）小肠
小肠其实一点也不小，小肠的长度约为20英尺（6.1米），直径约为1英寸（2.54厘米）。大肠的直径约为2.5英寸（6.35厘米），相对大肠来讲，小肠的直径是很小的，因而得名小肠。
小肠包含三个部分：十二指肠、空肠、和回肠。
与胃一样，小肠有成千上万的分泌消化液的腺体。
十二指肠是对食蘼进行消化的地方。十二指肠有两个开口，分别为十二指肠小乳头、十二指肠大乳头。这两个开口负责接收胰管和胆管送来的物质。
胰腺是位于胃后部的一个腺体，紧贴着十二指肠的褶皱。作为内分泌系统的一部分，胰腺向血液里输送荷尔蒙。作为消化系统的一个重要组成部分，胰腺分泌最重要的一种消化液- 胰腺液。 胰腺液富含酶，酶可以消化三种主要的食物：碳水化合物、蛋白质、和脂肪。
胆汁由肝脏分泌，胆汁将脂肪颗粒乳化成个更小的颗粒，以便于消化。胆囊是负责收集和储存胆汁的部位。当食蘼中有脂肪时，胆囊就会收缩，向十二指肠内释放胆汁。
食物的吸收发生在小肠内，主要在回肠。
这些词的中英文对照为：
十二指肠：duodenum
空肠：jejunum
回肠：ileum
十二指肠小乳头：minor duodenal papillae
十二指肠大乳头：major duodenal papillae
胰管：pancreatic duct
胆管：bile duct
胰腺：pancreas
内分泌系统：the endocrine system
胰腺液：pancreatic juice
酶：enzyme
肝脏：liver
脂肪颗粒：fat globule
胆囊：gallbaldder
6) 肝脏
肝脏是人身体内最大的腺体，也是最复杂的器官之一。肝脏不仅能够分泌协助消化脂肪的胆汁，还有以下诸多的重要功能：
贮存血液、过滤如酒精之类的有毒成分；
将糖转化成糖原（淀粉）；
使血液中葡萄糖保持在正常水平；
使血液中的性激素保持在正常水平；
分解脂肪、并暂时将脂肪酸储藏起来；
储存维生素B12、A、D、E和K；
分解衰老的红血球，将有用的成分储藏起来、将没用的成分送到肾脏排出；
产生纤维蛋白原和凝血酶原。
肝脏是人身体里主要的葡萄糖供应中心，在分派营养任务方面，肝脏有很大的灵活性。肝脏可以把脂肪和蛋白质转换成身体可以立刻派上用场的糖；肝脏也可以把糖和淀粉转换成脂肪，并将这些脂肪运送到身体的其他部分储存起来。
最后，把血液从肠道送到肝脏的血管被称为肝门系统。
相关的英汉对照如下：
肝脏：liver
有毒成分：toxic elements
糖原：glycogen
淀粉：starch
葡萄糖：glucose
性激素：sex hormones
纤维蛋白：fibrinogen
凝血酶原：prothrombin
肝门系统：hepatic portal system
Sunday, April 13, 2008
（一）消化系统（the digestive system) - 1. 简介：
消化系统包含胃肠道（又叫消化道）和三个附属器官。
1) 胃肠道（消化道）
胃肠道（消化道）是一根长长的管子，从口腔开始，到肛门结束，中间有咽喉、食道、胃、小肠、大肠。这些器官的中英文对照如下：
胃肠道：gastrointestinal (GI) tract
消化道：alimentary canal
口腔：mouth cavity
咽：pharynx(日常生活中称为throat)
食道：esophagus
胃：stomach
小肠：small intestine
大肠：large intestine
肛门：anus
2) 消化系统附属器官
消化系统还有独立于胃肠道（消化道）的三个附属器官，分别为肝脏、胰腺、胆囊。这三个器官的中英文对照如下：
肝脏：liver
胰腺：pancreas
胆囊：gallbladder
3）消化的过程
消化的过程分为四步：
* 摄取：ingestion
* 消化：digestion
* 吸收：absorption
* 排泄：elimination
1) 胃肠道（消化道）
胃肠道（消化道）是一根长长的管子，从口腔开始，到肛门结束，中间有咽喉、食道、胃、小肠、大肠。这些器官的中英文对照如下：
胃肠道：gastrointestinal (GI) tract
消化道：alimentary canal
口腔：mouth cavity
咽：pharynx(日常生活中称为throat)
食道：esophagus
胃：stomach
小肠：small intestine
大肠：large intestine
肛门：anus
2) 消化系统附属器官
消化系统还有独立于胃肠道（消化道）的三个附属器官，分别为肝脏、胰腺、胆囊。这三个器官的中英文对照如下：
肝脏：liver
胰腺：pancreas
胆囊：gallbladder
3）消化的过程
消化的过程分为四步：
* 摄取：ingestion
* 消化：digestion
* 吸收：absorption
* 排泄：elimination
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